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  • DDR is one of two non integrin tyrosine

    2019-08-17

    DDR1 is one of two, non-integrin tyrosine kinase receptors activated by collagen. Although DDR1 has five isoforms (1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e) generated by alternative splicing, only DDR1a and 1b have active kinase domains, whereas DDR2, encoded by a distinct gene, has one isoform (Vogel et al., 2006). Collagen binding requires dimerization of the extra-cellular domains and results in receptor auto-phosphorylation. DDR1 is widely expressed GS1101 manufacturer during embryonic development and in adult tissues, with expression in the epithelium of a variety of tissues, particularly in skin, kidney, lung, gut, and GS1101 manufacturer (Vogel et al., 2006). DDR2 is expressed primarily in mesenchymal cells including fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle in several tissues including skin, kidney, lung, heart and connective tissues. DDRs have been proposed to play important roles in a number of diseases. High levels of DDR1 and 2 expression have been observed in several tumours of breast, ovarian, lung and brain origin (Barker et al., 1995, Nemoto et al., 1997, Weiner et al., 2000). DDR1 receptor over-expression has also been implicated in cell survival and invasiveness in hepatocellular carcinoma, pituitary adenoma and prostate cancer (Park et al., 2007, Yoshida and Teramoto, 2007, Shimada et al., 2008). DDR1, particularly the 1b isoform has also been implicated in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Selective induction of DDR1b in CD14+ cells from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients has been shown to lead to production of several inflammatory chemokines upon collagen induction (Matsuyama et al., 2005a). Suppression of DDR1 in the bleomycin model in vivo using siRNA or in DDR1-deficient mice has lead to the attenuation of fibrosis and inflammation (Avivi-Green et al., 2006, Matsuyama et al., 2006). In sarcoidosis, DDR1 expression levels in CD14+ bronchoalveolar lavage cells appear to correlate with deterioration of the disease (Matsuyama et al., 2005b). Both DDR1 and 2 are expressed in atherosclerotic and lymphangioleiomyomatotic lesions and appear to participate in the regulation of collagen turnover by smooth muscle cells (Ferri et al., 2004). DDR1 null mice are protected in a mouse model of kidney fibrosis and implicate the receptor in both inflammatory and fibrotic components of the disease (Flamant et al., 2006). The over-expression of DDR2 has been observed in the cartilage in patients with osteoarthritis (Xu et al., 2007) and in the context of liver fibrosis it has been shown that the induction of fibrosis in an animal model resulted in up-regulation of DDR2 in stellate cells (Olaso et al., 2001).
    Materials and methods
    Results
    Discussion Imatinib inhibits the tyrosine kinase activities of ABL, as well as the c-KIT and PDGF (platelet derived growth factor) receptor kinases, and is an effective therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia and c-KIT and PDGF receptor-dependent gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Nilotinib and dasatinib are second generation ABL kinase inhibitors that have been developed to treat imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia. The potency of the 3 compounds against c-ABL and their selectivity profile are quite different: dasatinib is non-selective kinase inhibitor, which potently inhibits ABL as well as the SRC-family kinases, in addition to PDGF receptor and KIT (Weisberg et al., 2007). In contrast, nilotinib is a potent and quite selective ABL inhibitor, with less activity against the KIT and PDGF receptor tyrosine kinases and no activity against the SRC-family tyrosine kinases. Two recent chemical proteomic studies have addressed the kinase profiles of these 3 compounds and found that the compounds also bind to the DDR1, another receptor tyrosine kinase (Bantscheff et al., 2007, Rix et al., 2007). In the biochemical assay nilotinib was approximately 10-fold more potent than imatinib against both kinases and dasatinib was found to be particularly potent with IC50 values in the low nM range. None of the three compounds appeared to have significant selectivity between DDR1 and DDR2 kinases.