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  • The T cell receptor TCR pathway is associated with

    2019-10-15

    The T cell receptor (TCR) pathway is associated with T cell activation and differentiation. When specific antigen peptides are recognized by the TCR, lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (lck) phosphorylates the immune-receptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of the TCR-CD3 complex and at the meantime recruits Zeta-chain associated protein 70 (ZAP70) to the doubly phosphorylates ITAMs. ZAP70 then phosphorylates its downstream substrates, promotes activation and differentiation of T LJH685 and secretion of inflammatory factors (Hashimoto-Tane and Saito, 2016). ZAP70 is a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) family tyrosine kinase expressed predominantly in T and natural killer cells. ZAP70 is composed of a carboxyl-terminal kinase domain and two SH2 domains which bind to doubly phosphorylated ITAMs of TCR zeta-chain. In resting T cells, ZAP70 is distributed throughout the cytoplasm, but is rapidly recruited to the plasma membrane following TCR stimulation and ITAM phosphorylation. ZAP70 then activates downstream pathways like Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signalling pathway, Ca2+-NEAF- IL-2 pathway and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) (Wang et al., 2010). ZAP70 plays a critical role in cell surface expression of T cell antigen receptor-CD3 complex signalling during the early stages of T cell development and differentiation, activation and immune response. The development of thymocyte in ZAP70-deficient mice is arrested at the double positive (DP) stage and secondary peripheral lymphoid tissues are found completely absence of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Negishi et al., 1995). Moreover, lack of functional ZAP70 results in a marked reduction in protein tyrosine phosphorylation, calcium flux, activation of T cell and secretion of inflammatory factors (Au-Yeung et al., 2009). Our previous study has indicated that the TCR signalling pathway was associated with reduced cholesterol efflux capacity, which was mediated by HSP65-induced T cells. Silencing both lck and ZAP70 rescued the cholesterol efflux capacity and increased the expression of RCT regulatory proteins which down-regulated by HSP65 (Hu et al., 2018; Luo et al., 2016). We also found that silencing ZAP70 could regulate HSP65-induced T cell proliferation and NF-kB activation. However, the signalling pathway that acts downstream of ZAP70 in RCT remains unknown. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of ZAP70 on RCT and inflammation and how ZAP70 influences RCT. These results may help to clarify the connection between inflammation and cholesterol metabolism.
    Material and methods
    Results
    Discussion Atherosclerosis is the principal cause of heart disease, myocardial infarction and stroke in Western society. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease triggered by the accumulation and retention of ApoB-containing lipoproteins, such as LDL and lipoprotein remnants, in the sub-endothelial intima. These trapped LDL were converted into modified forms, such as oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) which contribute to the inflammatory response and plaque development (Yu et al., 2013). Activation of lesion sites is followed by recruitment of predominantly circulating monocytes and T-cells, dysfunction of endothelial cell, formulation and accumulation of foam cells, and migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. The accumulation of cholesterol and inflammatory response are essential to initiation and development of atherosclerosis (McLaren et al., 2011). RCT may help to remove accumulated cholesterol from cells in the sub-intima of the vessel wall through transporters (ABCA1, ABCG1, etc.) or other mechanisms such as passive diffusion, and then the cholesterol was collected by high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or apo A-I, and then transport cholesterol to hepatic cells for secretion of bile. The first step of RCT is cholesterol efflux from cells which is the most important for the anti-atherosclerotic extent (Hutchins and Heinecke, 2015). Cholesterol efflux capacity from cells, a new biomarker that characterizes a key step in reverse cholesterol transport, has a strong negative correlation with both carotid intima–media thickness and incidence of cardiovascular events in a population-based cohort (Khera et al., 2011; Rohatgi et al., 2014). A lot of strategies enhancing cholesterol efflux capacity were demonstrated to be benefit of reducing atherosclerosis. RCT-enhancing therapies are currently considered a promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic CVD (Bhatt and Rohatgi, 2016).