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    • Bedtime and wake time were not related

    2018-11-13

    Bedtime and wake time were not related to overweight or obesity in our study, however an EL sleep timing behavior, corresponding to a longer duration of sleep, resulted in a better weight control compared to the others sleep timing behaviors. In a recent Australian cross-sectional study, adolescent with a late bed–late rise pattern were 1.47 times more likely to be overweight or obese than those with early bed–early rise one [41]. Moreover, adolescents with late bedtime had a higher intake of extra foods (energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods) while adolescent with an early bedtime consume more fruit and vegetables [41]. Prospective studies showed how a chronic pattern of late sleep timing is linked with an increase of BMI [42] and metabolic disorders [43]. Regarding Phos-tag Biotin BTL-105 expenditure, we did not found significant differences between physical activities and BMI groups as strong as sleep characteristics. In contrast, sleep quality and duration was inversely associated with the total score and some weight-related items of the KIDMED score. There is evidence of a progressive abandonment of traditional eating pattern in the Mediterranean region [44–47]. In this context, adolescent who habitually sleep less are more likely to consume less vegetable and fruits and eating out more frequently. These findings are consistent with those of other studies suggesting an association between sleep restriction and the consumption of high-calorie foods, sugared beverages and snacks [48,49]. In this study we investigated the adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern, which has been associated with a number of healthy outcomes, including metabolic disorders, decreased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and certain cancers [50–52]. There is also evidence of benefits of some peculiar characteristics of the Italian Mediterranean diet, such as the high intake of omega-3 rich fish, which seem to exert anti-obesogenic action [53,54]. Despite its association with BMI in adolescents is still unclear [55], a high adherence to a healthy dietary pattern, such as the Mediterranean diet, may be associated with a whole healthier lifestyle, which include also better sleep quality. As final results, this condition may decrease the overall risk of non-communicable disease.
    Introduction Complement is a complex innate immune surveillance system that plays a pivotal role in defense against pathogens and in host homeostasis [1,2]. This complement system assists antibodies and phagocytes in removing pathogens from the organism. The system is composed of approximately 30 molecules, some of which play an important role in the inflammation mechanism [3,4]. Complement components mediate inflammation upon activation as a consequence of the imbalance in the crosstalk between various serum mediators of this protective mechanism [5,6]. The intricate balance among the inflammatory mediators in the serum is disrupted during sleep problems [7]. Slow wave sleep (SWS) has several important functions, which include roles in cerebral restoration and recuperation in humans [8,9]. Moreover, SWS contributes to the recovery process, up-regulation of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, generation of a pro-inflammatory hormonal milieu and suppression of anti-inflammatory hormones [10]. A growing body of data has demonstrated a link between sleep and inflammatory mediators [6,7,12]. Few studies have explored the serum pattern of complement components from the perspective of sleep with varying results. However, these studies have certain limitations, such as the use of heterogeneous sleep loss protocols and screening for limited numbers of complement components [13–15]. We have recently reported the relationship between subjective sleep quality measures and inflammatory complement components [16]. However, the generalizability of those findings to normal objective polysomnographic (PSG) measures of sleep is difficult to appraise [6,13,14,16]. Furthermore, for a better assessment of the association between sleep and inflammatory mediators, objective measurement of sleep parameters is recommended [17].