Our results show that COX and COX inhibition improve

Our results show that COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition improve cognitive performance and decrease the neuronal insult during HH. However, when a neuroinflammatory response was observed, COX-1 inhibition was more effective than COX-2 inhibition at reducing microglial activation and augmenting pro-inflammatory cytokine production. COX-2 inhibition may also be associated with a decrease in glutamate toxicity, as reduction in astrocyte activation was also observed after inhibition of this isoform. HH exposure has been reported to increase glutamate toxicity and associated astrocyte activation (Bezzi et al., 1998, Hota et al., 2008). There is supporting evidence from an in vitro study showing that celecoxib protects neurons by alleviating glutamate toxicity (Lin et al., 2014). COX-1 inhibition, on the other hand, could only revert de-ramified microglia to their ramified form. This suggests that COX-1-mediated inflammation may be associated with microglia, as levels of COX-1 induction and microglial activation were temporally correlated during HH.
Funding This study was financially supported by the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, India (DIP-263). The first author, Garima Chauhan, is the recipient of a fellowship from the University Grant Commission (UGC), India. G. Kumar and P. Kumari recieved fellowship from DST-SERB and CSIR, India respectively.
Conflicts of interest
Acknowledgements
Introduction Bernoulli bond percolation is one of the most prototypical models for the occurrence of phase transitions. Additionally, as of today, the continuum version of percolation where connections are formed according to distances in a spatial point process, has been investigated intensely in the Poisson case. More recently, the Ritodrine HCl has started to look at point processes that go far beyond the simplistic Poisson model. In particular, this includes sub-Poisson [5], [6], Ginibre [13] and Gibbsian point processes [16], [34]. Another stream of research that brought forward a variety of surprising results is the investigation of percolation processes living in a random environment. The seminal work on the critical probability for Voronoi percolation showed that dealing with random environments often requires the development of fundamental new methodological tools [1], [7], [35]. Additionally, recent work on percolation in unimodular random graphs also revealed that fundamental properties of percolation on transitive graphs fail to carry over to the setting of random environments [4]. In light of these developments, microevolution comes as a surprise that continuum percolation in a random environment has been studied systematically only very recently. More precisely, [2] considers continuum percolation in a system whose points are distributed according to an ordinary homogeneous Poisson point process, but with radii prescribed by an ergodic random environment. In this paper, we take a complementary route by fixing the radii, while allowing the intensity of the Poisson point to depend on the random environment. In other words, we consider continuum percolation on a Cox point process and are thereby lead to questions of a different flavor than those presented in [2]. In addition to this mathematical motivation, our results have applications in the domain of telecommunication. Here, Cox processes are commonly employed for modeling various kinds of networks [33, Chapter 5]. More precisely, for modeling the deployment of a telecommunication network, various random tessellation models for different types of street systems have been developed and tested against real data [14]. The main idea of these models is to generate a random tessellation, with the same average characteristics as the street system, based on a planar Poisson point process. This could be a Voronoi, or Delaunay, or line tessellation, or it could be a more involved model like a nested tessellation [21]. The main results in this paper fall into two large categories: existence of phase transition and asymptotic analysis of percolation probabilities. First, we show that a variant of the celebrated concept of stabilization [18], [26], [27], [28], [31] suffices to guarantee the existence of a sub-critical phase. In contrast, for the existence of a super-critical phase, stabilization alone is not enough since percolation is impossible unless the support of the random measure has sufficiently good connectivity properties itself. Hence, our proof for the existence of a super-critical phase relies on a variant of the notion of asymptotic essential connectedness from [3].